Формула расчета производительности труда
- Определение производительности труда v
- Методы измерения производительности труда v
- Стоимостный v
- Натуральный v
- Условно-натуральный v
- Трудовой v
- Примеры расчетов v
- Стоимостный метод расчета v
- Натуральный метод расчета v
- Условно-натуральный метод расчета v
- Применение показателя трудоемкости v
- Соблюдение определенных требований при вычислении производительности труда v
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Основная задача руководителя заключается в том, что он должен составить полную картину структуры предприятия. Он должен понимать взаимосвязи внутри этой структуры и предполагать то, каким образом ее элементы влияют друг на друга.
Показатель производительности труда – важный экономический индекс, помогающий оценить эффективность работы целого предприятия, трудового коллектива, либо одного сотрудника.
Вкупе с другими факторами, этот показатель может помочь руководителю определить общий курс развития бизнеса.
Определение производительности труда
Говоря простым языком, производительность труда – это число единиц продукции, произведенных в единицу времени: рабочий изготавливает 5 деталей в час, бригада штукатуров красит 200 квадратных метров площади за смену.
Общая формула расчета производительности (П) выглядит так:
Важным показателем также является выработка (В) – работа, сделанная одним работником за единицу времени:
Методы измерения производительности труда
Существует несколько методов измерения, и в каждом конкретном случае, в зависимости от условий, один метод может оказаться точнее и объективнее другого.
Стоимостный
Стоимостный метод назван так, поскольку производительность труда в этом случае измеряется в денежных единицах.
Такой способ расчета позволяет сравнить, к примеру, производительность рабочих разной квалификации. Инженер высшей категории отдает за смену на производство 100 чертежей конструкций, общей стоимостью 5 миллионов рублей, а инженер второй категории – всего на 300 000.
Натуральный
Натуральный метод хорош там, где результат труда можно измерить количественно: в тоннах, штуках, литрах, метрах и т. д.
Если продукция, выпускаемая предприятием, достаточно разнообразна, и различается как стоимостью, так и сложностью изготовления, то натуральный метод расчета не сможет отразить реальную ситуацию объективно.
Условно-натуральный
Условно-натуральный метод отличается от натурального метода тем, что при расчетах используются не реальные единицы продукции, а условные. Предположим, что завод-изготовитель производит стиральный порошок, кондиционер для белья и мыло.
Возьмем мыло как условную единицу, тогда 1 т стирального порошка = 2 т мыла, и 1 т кондиционера = 1,7 т мыла. Эти числа 2 и 1,7 – переводные коэффициенты.
Принимаются они из соображений себестоимости или сложности производства этой продукции относительно мыла. Таким образом, подсчитать производительность рабочей смены завода не составит труда.
Трудовой
При расчете производительности трудовым методом применяется норматив времени изготовления единицы продукции, либо ее продажи.
Если на изготовление 1 детали установлен норматив 15 минут, а рабочий сделал за смену 65 таких деталей, вычислить его производительность (в минутах) несложно:
Значит, рабочий делает 2 детали в минуту.
Примеры расчетов
Задача. Число рабочих – 865. В отчетный период было выработано готовой продукции на 1 300 000 руб. В плановом периоде объем продукции должен вырасти на 10%. На сколько изменится показатель производительности?
Решение
Для удобства сперва найдем выработку:
Объем продукции увеличится на 10% и составит 1430 000 руб.
Рассчитаем выработку для планового периода:
Увеличение производительности будет равна разнице:
Т. е. производительность возрастет на 10%.
Задача. Ткацкая фабрика выпускает за одну рабочую смену 500 000 метров льняной ткани. Определить производительность фабрики.
Решение
Задача. Типография производит визитки, брошюры и каталоги. Заказ, состоящий из 1000 визиток, 500 брошюр и 300 каталогов, был выполнен за рабочую неделю. Оценить производительность, если 1 брошюра = 20 визиткам, а 1 каталог = 100 визиткам.
Решение
Прежде всего необходимо использовать переходные коэффициенты, чтобы перевести всю продукцию в одинаковые единицы: 500 брошюр = 10 000 визиток, 300 каталогов = 30 000 визиток.
Далее расчет проводится аналогично натуральному методу.
Применение показателя трудоемкости
Показатель трудоемкости – величина, обратная показателю производительности. Он демонстрирует время, затраченное на производство одной единицы продукции.
Время, необходимое рабочему для изготовления одной детали, — фактор, напрямую влияющий на себестоимость этой самой детали.
Соответственно, уменьшив трудоемкость, можно получить конкурентное преимущество на рынке.
Для этого существует много методов: усовершенствование технологии, автоматизация производства, повышение квалификации рабочих.
Соблюдение определенных требований при вычислении производительности труда
При вычислении производительности следует очень внимательно отнестись к входным данным.
Например, при расчете трудовым методом, нужно убедиться в том, что нормативы на разные виды работ актуальны, так как при современном развитии технологий они очень быстро меняются.
При подсчете натуральным методом невозможно учесть товары разного типа, работы разного уровня сложности, а при условно-натуральном расчете слабым местом может оказаться определение переходных коэффициентов.
При подсчете производительности следует учитывать, что эти коэффициенты дают некоторую погрешность, и реальная картина может быть искажена.
Стоимостный метод более распространен, поскольку он достаточно простой, понятный, позволяет учесть не только различные виды продукции, но и сложность изготовления.
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